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The Applied Finance Group (AFG) works with some of the most well respected investment firms in the U.S. to help them develop quantitative screening processes to identify a better pool of companies to choose from for their portfolio holdings. However, picking winning investment opportunities isn’t the only value AFG provides clients. AFG also develops quantitative strategies to quickly identify possible torpedoes lurking in your client or prospective client’s portfolio.

AFG’s quantitative process is centered on the proprietary Economic Margin (EM) Framework (what a company earns above its true cost of capital). The core of AFG’s quantitative process starts with evaluating corporate performance and the expected improvement relative to their peers, evaluating the valuation attractiveness of the company, and determining if a firm is following a wealth creating or wealth destroying strategy.

A brief description of those variables is available below the list of companies.

When identifying potential torpedoes AFG looks for companies with the least valuation upside compared to their sector peers, below sector median expected Economic Margin change, and a management quality score that reflects a management team following a wealth destroying strategy.

These 20 S&P 500 companies from every major AFG defined sector (ex. Financials) are potential torpedoes that could be lurking in your portfolio. These companies all possess characteristics that make for a bad investment opportunity. If you own one of these companies or consider adding one to your portfolio, we suggest taking a closer look as they look the most likely to underperform their sector peers according to criteria that has proven successful at identifying winners and losers in the market.

If you are a professional investor and would like to learn more about AFG’s EM methodology, investment criteria or stock selection process click here to register to trial the product.

     Source: EconomicMargin.com

AFG's Valuation Metric – Measures the percent to target (deviation between a stock’s current trading price and its AFG current default target price). To derive the intrinsic value of a firm, AFG uses its proprietary Valuation Model (modified discounted cash flow model).

Economic Margin - A corporate performance measurement that addresses the gaps in GAAP, eliminating distortions caused by accounting policies to measure what a company is truly earning above or below their cost of capital.

Management Quality – Assesses management’s ability to make wealth creating decisions.

+View our List of Value Expepectations Recommended Articles

AFG Recommendation Performance
9/1998 – 5/2009
Annualized Returns

Other Market Related Articles of Interest

Source: AFGView client databases from 9/1998 – 5/2009
Universe size: 4,000 to 5,500 firms

It is very important to understand a company’s management strategy and management’s ability to create wealth for its shareholders. By using The Applied Finance Group’s (AFG’s) Management Quality score you have the ability to grade management’s ability to make wealth creating decisions and eliminate wealth destroying firms from your list of constituents. AFG’s Management Quality variable is used as an exclusionary variable to get rid of companies which continue to grow their businesses when they are not even profitable (generating negative Economic Margin or negative EM, which is AFG’s way of understanding a firm’s economic profitability). When business units are unproductive and destroying wealth, management teams should not be looking to grow that business unit and concentrate on the parts of their company that have been creating wealth. Instead, the corporation needs to fix the broken parts of its business first by divesting losers and work on improving profitability to earn the right to expand. The best strategy AFG or any investor likes to see is a very profitable business (generating positive EMs) that grows its assets to maximize its profitability.

The companies listed below (which include CAT & AMAT) have been following a wealth destroying strategy by growing their assets as their EMs have been declining which is reflected in their stock prices as none of these companies have been able to create any value for their shareholders over the last year. Along with managements inability to create shareholder wealth, these firms also look unattractive according to AFG’s valuation model and other key criteria AFG evaluates when considering the attractiveness of potential investment opportunities. These companies must stop growing their assets or divest some losers and focus on improving their EM’s before these firms will begin to see sustainable improvements in their stocks price and begin to add wealth to their shareholders. The expected change in the level of a company’s EMs has proven through back-tests to be highly correlated with the subsequent performance of its stock price. The 2 company examples below show the levels of each companies EMs through time as well as their asset growth. CAT and AMAT have continued to grow their assets as their EMs have declined and that strategy is reflected in their falling stock prices.

Management Competence Factors

• Have there been any changes in the executive management team?

• Has the company had any significant write-offs or poor earnings quality?

• Has the company recently made any significant acquisitions and, if so, what are the strategic implications and costs?

• How is the company spending any excess cash?

• What did we learn from the company’s most recent earnings call and what was the tone of analyst questions?

Management Quality Score Insights:

• Measures a company’s EM+1 and LFY Asset Growth.

• Companies that have positive EMs should grow their business while firms with negative EMs should focus on profitability and earn the right to grow.

• Un-bias quantitative way to analyze a company

• Holds management teams accountable for unprofitable growth

Below are examples of AFG's Wealth Creation Reports of CAT & AMAT that show deteriorating EMs while continuing to grow their assets and the subsequent poor performance over the past 1 year.

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Understanding the true intrinsic value of a company is very important when attempting to identify and take advantage of mispriced securities. The Applied Finance Group (AFG) has proven to be successful at helping their clients find attractive investment opportunities and also help avoid potential torpedo stocks by utilizing their Economic Margin Framework. AFG’s Economic Margin (EM) is the measure of the true economic profitability a company is earning after several adjustments to eliminate distortions caused by traditional accounting practices. Understanding a company’s EM levels and expected changes in EMs is important as it has been proven through vigorous back-tests that a company’s expected change in EMs is highly correlated with the company’s future market performance. Companies expected to improve their EM’s have proven to be more likely to outperform than those companies with declining EMs.

Source (The Applied Finance Group)

Listed below are the companies in the Energy & Extraction sector within the S&P 500 Index, ranked in order of valuation attractiveness. Currently, the Energy & Extraction sector has the highest median Value Score of all sectors according The Applied Finance Group’s April 2009 Monthly Market Review and looks to be trading at a significant discount relative to its historic valuation.

All Energy Companies (S&P 500) Ranked By Valuation Attractiveness

Energy Sector - Relative Valuation Chart

The graph above shows the median percentage upside for the Energy sector relative to the overall market across time. Values greater than 1 indicate the sector is more undervalued than the market, while values less than 1 indicate the opposite. The red line identifies the historical median value to provide a basis to understand valuation levels relative to historic norms. This example illustrates that the median Energy company is undervalued relative to the market currently and has been trading at a significant discount to its historic relative valuation, indicating a potentially attractive opportunity.

Nearly all of the biggest return earning companies in the S&P 500 are firms that have been beaten up over the past few months but have bounced back to provide the biggest return in the entire index for the month of December. These firms have ended 2008 on a high note and move into 2009 with what they hope to be sustainable momentum.

The list of companies in the S&P 500 with the worst returns in December had also been trending downward for the past few months but were unable to muster a year-end turnaround as those on the other list had been able accomplish. Many of the firms on this list have something to do with oil, as their stock prices have been highly correlated with the falling price of oil.

Compare the sales growth priced-in to justify the current stock price (VE Sales Growth), to what the company has been able to deliver the past 5 years in revenue growth (5 Year Median Sales Growth), to see which companies have reasonable expectations of achieving the Sales Growth priced-in. Companies with low expectations relative to what they have been able to achieve are more likely to out-perform.

Sales Growth Expectations for the Highest Return Companies (S&P 500) - December

**denotes only 2 years historical sales growth available (2 year median used)

Sales Growth Expectations for the Lowest Return Companies (S&P 500) - December

VE Sales Growth Calculated for these firms on 12/26/08.